// Reader is the interface that wraps the basic Read method.
//
// Read reads up to len(p) bytes into p. It returns the number of bytes
// read (0 <= n <= len(p)) and any error encountered. Even if Read
// returns n < len(p), it may use all of p as scratch space during the call.
// If some data is available but not len(p) bytes, Read conventionally
// returns what is available instead of waiting for more.
//
// When Read encounters an error or end-of-file condition after
// successfully reading n > 0 bytes, it returns the number of
// bytes read. It may return the (non-nil) error from the same call
// or return the error (and n == 0) from a subsequent call.
// An instance of this general case is that a Reader returning
// a non-zero number of bytes at the end of the input stream may
// return either err == EOF or err == nil. The next Read should
// return 0, EOF.
//
// Callers should always process the n > 0 bytes returned before
// considering the error err. Doing so correctly handles I/O errors
// that happen after reading some bytes and also both of the
// allowed EOF behaviors.
//
// Implementations of Read are discouraged from returning a
// zero byte count with a nil error, except when len(p) == 0.
// Callers should treat a return of 0 and nil as indicating that
// nothing happened; in particular it does not indicate EOF.
//
// Implementations must not retain p.
type Reader interface {
	Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)
}

// FD is a file descriptor. The net and os packages use this type as a
// field of a larger type representing a network connection or OS file.
type FD struct {
	// Lock sysfd and serialize access to Read and Write methods.
	fdmu fdMutex

	// System file descriptor. Immutable until Close.
	Sysfd int

	// I/O poller.
	pd pollDesc

	// Writev cache.
	iovecs *[]syscall.Iovec

	// Semaphore signaled when file is closed.
	csema uint32

	// Non-zero if this file has been set to blocking mode.
	isBlocking uint32

	// Whether this is a streaming descriptor, as opposed to a
	// packet-based descriptor like a UDP socket. Immutable.
	IsStream bool

	// Whether a zero byte read indicates EOF. This is false for a
	// message based socket connection.
	ZeroReadIsEOF bool

	// Whether this is a file rather than a network socket.
	isFile bool
}

// func Syscall(trap int64, a1, a2, a3 int64) (r1, r2, err int64);
// Trap # in AX, args in DI SI DX R10 R8 R9, return in AX DX
// Note that this differs from "standard" ABI convention, which
// would pass 4th arg in CX, not R10.

TEXT	·Syscall(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-56
	CALL	runtime·entersyscall(SB)
	MOVQ	a1+8(FP), DI
	MOVQ	a2+16(FP), SI
	MOVQ	a3+24(FP), DX
	MOVQ	$0, R10
	MOVQ	$0, R8
	MOVQ	$0, R9
	MOVQ	trap+0(FP), AX	// syscall entry
	SYSCALL
	CMPQ	AX, $0xfffffffffffff001
	JLS	ok
	MOVQ	$-1, r1+32(FP)
	MOVQ	$0, r2+40(FP)
	NEGQ	AX
	MOVQ	AX, err+48(FP)
	CALL	runtime·exitsyscall(SB)
	RET
ok:
	MOVQ	AX, r1+32(FP)
	MOVQ	DX, r2+40(FP)
	MOVQ	$0, err+48(FP)
	CALL	runtime·exitsyscall(SB)
	RET

// /usr/local/Cellar/go/1.16.6/libexec/src/runtime/proc.go

// Standard syscall entry used by the go syscall library and normal cgo calls.
//
// This is exported via linkname to assembly in the syscall package.
//
//go:nosplit
//go:linkname entersyscall
func entersyscall() {
	reentersyscall(getcallerpc(), getcallersp())
}

func reentersyscall(pc, sp uintptr) {
	_g_ := getg()

	// Disable preemption because during this function g is in Gsyscall status,
	// but can have inconsistent g->sched, do not let GC observe it.
	_g_.m.locks++

	// Entersyscall must not call any function that might split/grow the stack.
	// (See details in comment above.)
	// Catch calls that might, by replacing the stack guard with something that
	// will trip any stack check and leaving a flag to tell newstack to die.
	_g_.stackguard0 = stackPreempt
	_g_.throwsplit = true

	// Leave SP around for GC and traceback.
  // 保存现场，在 syscall 之后会依据这些数据恢复现场
	save(pc, sp)
	_g_.syscallsp = sp
	_g_.syscallpc = pc
	casgstatus(_g_, _Grunning, _Gsyscall)
	if _g_.syscallsp < _g_.stack.lo || _g_.stack.hi < _g_.syscallsp {
		systemstack(func() {
			print("entersyscall inconsistent ", hex(_g_.syscallsp), " [", hex(_g_.stack.lo), ",", hex(_g_.stack.hi), "]\n")
			throw("entersyscall")
		})
	}

	if trace.enabled {
		systemstack(traceGoSysCall)
		// systemstack itself clobbers g.sched.{pc,sp} and we might
		// need them later when the G is genuinely blocked in a
		// syscall
		save(pc, sp)
	}

	if atomic.Load(&sched.sysmonwait) != 0 {
		systemstack(entersyscall_sysmon)
		save(pc, sp)
	}

	if _g_.m.p.ptr().runSafePointFn != 0 {
		// runSafePointFn may stack split if run on this stack
		systemstack(runSafePointFn)
		save(pc, sp)
	}

	_g_.m.syscalltick = _g_.m.p.ptr().syscalltick
	_g_.sysblocktraced = true
	pp := _g_.m.p.ptr()
	pp.m = 0
	_g_.m.oldp.set(pp)
	_g_.m.p = 0
	atomic.Store(&pp.status, _Psyscall)
	if sched.gcwaiting != 0 {
		systemstack(entersyscall_gcwait)
		save(pc, sp)
	}

	_g_.m.locks--
}

func exitsyscall() {
	_g_ := getg()

	_g_.m.locks++ // see comment in entersyscall
	if getcallersp() > _g_.syscallsp {
		throw("exitsyscall: syscall frame is no longer valid")
	}

	_g_.waitsince = 0
	oldp := _g_.m.oldp.ptr()
	_g_.m.oldp = 0
	if exitsyscallfast(oldp) {
		if trace.enabled {
			if oldp != _g_.m.p.ptr() || _g_.m.syscalltick != _g_.m.p.ptr().syscalltick {
				systemstack(traceGoStart)
			}
		}
		// There's a cpu for us, so we can run.
		_g_.m.p.ptr().syscalltick++
		// We need to cas the status and scan before resuming...
		casgstatus(_g_, _Gsyscall, _Grunning)

		// Garbage collector isn't running (since we are),
		// so okay to clear syscallsp.
		_g_.syscallsp = 0
		_g_.m.locks--
		if _g_.preempt {
			// restore the preemption request in case we've cleared it in newstack
			_g_.stackguard0 = stackPreempt
		} else {
			// otherwise restore the real _StackGuard, we've spoiled it in entersyscall/entersyscallblock
			_g_.stackguard0 = _g_.stack.lo + _StackGuard
		}
		_g_.throwsplit = false

		if sched.disable.user && !schedEnabled(_g_) {
			// Scheduling of this goroutine is disabled.
			Gosched()
		}

		return
	}

	_g_.sysexitticks = 0
	if trace.enabled {
		// Wait till traceGoSysBlock event is emitted.
		// This ensures consistency of the trace (the goroutine is started after it is blocked).
		for oldp != nil && oldp.syscalltick == _g_.m.syscalltick {
			osyield()
		}
		// We can't trace syscall exit right now because we don't have a P.
		// Tracing code can invoke write barriers that cannot run without a P.
		// So instead we remember the syscall exit time and emit the event
		// in execute when we have a P.
		_g_.sysexitticks = cputicks()
	}

	_g_.m.locks--

	// Call the scheduler.
	mcall(exitsyscall0)

	// Scheduler returned, so we're allowed to run now.
	// Delete the syscallsp information that we left for
	// the garbage collector during the system call.
	// Must wait until now because until gosched returns
	// we don't know for sure that the garbage collector
	// is not running.
	_g_.syscallsp = 0
	_g_.m.p.ptr().syscalltick++
	_g_.throwsplit = false
}

// 调用以下 function 会在runtime时，调用 C library来触发一个syscall
// Implemented in the runtime package (runtime/sys_darwin.go)
func syscall(fn, a1, a2, a3 uintptr) (r1, r2 uintptr, err Errno)
func syscall6(fn, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 uintptr) (r1, r2 uintptr, err Errno)
func syscall6X(fn, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 uintptr) (r1, r2 uintptr, err Errno)
func rawSyscall(fn, a1, a2, a3 uintptr) (r1, r2 uintptr, err Errno)
func rawSyscall6(fn, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 uintptr) (r1, r2 uintptr, err Errno)
func syscallPtr(fn, a1, a2, a3 uintptr) (r1, r2 uintptr, err Errno)

package main

import (
	"log"
	"net"
	"os"
	"os/signal"
	"syscall"
)

func echoServer(c net.Conn) {
	for {
		buf := make([]byte, 512)
		nr, err := c.Read(buf)
		if err != nil {
			return
		}

		data := buf[0:nr]
		println("Server got:", string(data))
		_, err = c.Write(data)
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatal("Writing client error: ", err)
		}
	}
}

func main() {
	log.Println("Starting echo server")
	ln, err := net.Listen("unix", "/tmp/go1.sock")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal("Listen error: ", err)
	}

	sigc := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
	signal.Notify(sigc, os.Interrupt, syscall.SIGTERM)
	go func(ln net.Listener, c chan os.Signal) {
		sig := <-c
		log.Printf("Caught signal %s: shutting down.", sig)
		ln.Close()
		os.Exit(0)
	}(ln, sigc)

	for {
		fd, err := ln.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatal("Accept error: ", err)
		}

		go echoServer(fd)
	}
}

// /usr/local/go/src/net/dial.go

// Listen announces on the local network address.
//
// The network must be "tcp", "tcp4", "tcp6", "unix" or "unixpacket".
//
// For TCP networks, if the host in the address parameter is empty or
// a literal unspecified IP address, Listen listens on all available
// unicast and anycast IP addresses of the local system.
// To only use IPv4, use network "tcp4".
// The address can use a host name, but this is not recommended,
// because it will create a listener for at most one of the host's IP
// addresses.
// If the port in the address parameter is empty or "0", as in
// "127.0.0.1:" or "[::1]:0", a port number is automatically chosen.
// The Addr method of Listener can be used to discover the chosen
// port.
//
// See func Dial for a description of the network and address
// parameters.
func Listen(network, address string) (Listener, error) {
	var lc ListenConfig
	return lc.Listen(context.Background(), network, address)
}

// Listen announces on the local network address.
//
// See func Listen for a description of the network and address
// parameters.
func (lc *ListenConfig) Listen(ctx context.Context, network, address string) (Listener, error) {
	addrs, err := DefaultResolver.resolveAddrList(ctx, "listen", network, address, nil)
  // 对于 UDS，这里 addrs 一定等于 addrList[&UnixAddr{Nmae: "<uds_path>", Net: "unix"}]
	...
	sl := &sysListener{
		ListenConfig: *lc,
		network:      network,
		address:      address,
	}
	var l Listener
	la := addrs.first(isIPv4)
	switch la := la.(type) {
	case *UnixAddr:
		l, err = sl.listenUnix(ctx, la)
	default:
		...
	}
  ...
	return l, nil
}