InnoDB Crash Recovery
To recover from an unexpected MySQL server exit, the only requirement is to restart the MySQL server. InnoDB automatically checks the logs and performs a roll-forward of the database to the present. InnoDB automatically rolls back uncommitted transactions that were present at the time of the crash. During recovery, mysqld displays output similar to this:
InnoDB: The log sequence number 664050266 in the system tablespace does not match
the log sequence number 685111586 in the ib_logfiles!
InnoDB: Database was not shutdown normally!
InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.
InnoDB: Using 'tablespaces.open.2' max LSN: 664075228
InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 690354176
InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 695597056
InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 700839936
InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 706082816
InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 711325696
InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 713458156
InnoDB: Applying a batch of 1467 redo log records ...
InnoDB: 10%
InnoDB: 20%
InnoDB: 30%
InnoDB: 40%
InnoDB: 50%
InnoDB: 60%
InnoDB: 70%
InnoDB: 80%
InnoDB: 90%
InnoDB: 100%
InnoDB: Apply batch completed!
InnoDB: 1 transaction(s) which must be rolled back or cleaned up in total 561887 row
operations to undo
InnoDB: Trx id counter is 4096
...
InnoDB: 8.0.1 started; log sequence number 713458156
InnoDB: Waiting for purge to start
InnoDB: Starting in background the rollback of uncommitted transactions
InnoDB: Rolling back trx with id 3596, 561887 rows to undo
...
./mysqld: ready for connections....
Redo Logs
Refer to https://swsmile.info/post/mysql-redo-logs/